1906 San Francisco Earthquake

At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, an estimated magnitude 7.8 earthquake hit San Francisco, lasting for approximately 45 to 60 seconds. While the earth rolled and the ground split, the wooden and brick buildings of San Francisco toppled. Within half an hour of the San Francisco earthquake, 50 fires had erupted from broken gas pipes, downed power lines, and overturned stoves.   The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fires killed an estimated 3,000 people and left over half of the citys population homeless. Around 500 city blocks with 28,000 buildings were destroyed during this devastating natural catastrophe. The Earthquake Strikes San Francisco At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, a foreshock hit San Francisco. However, it offered just a quick warning, for massive devastation was soon to follow. Approximately 20 to 25 seconds after the foreshock, the large earthquake hit. With the epicenter near San Francisco, the entire city was rocked. Chimneys fell, walls caved in, and gas lines broke. Asphalt that covered the streets buckled and piled up as the ground seemed to move in waves like an ocean. In many places, the ground literally split open. The widest crack was an incredible 28 feet wide. The quake ruptured a total of 290 miles of the Earths surface along the San Andreas Fault, from northwest of San Juan Bautista to the triple junction at Cape Mendocino. Though most of the damage was focused in San Francisco (in large part because of the fires), the quake was felt all the way from Oregon to Los Angeles. Death and Survivors The earthquake was so sudden and the devastation so severe that many people didnt have time to even get out of bed before they were killed by falling debris or collapsed buildings. Others survived the quake but had to scramble out of the wreckage of their buildings, clothed only in pajamas. Others were naked or near naked. Standing out in the glass-strewn streets in their bare feet, survivors looked around them and saw only devastation. Building after building had been toppled. A few buildings were still standing, but had entire walls fall off, making them look somewhat like doll houses. In the hours that followed, survivors began helping neighbors, friends, family, and strangers who remained trapped. They attempted to retrieve personal possessions from the wreckage and scavenge some food and water to eat and drink.   Homeless, thousands upon thousands of survivors began wandering, hoping to find a safe place to eat and sleep. Fires Start Almost immediately after the earthquake, fires broke out across the city from broken gas lines and stoves that had fallen over during the shaking. The fires spread ferociously across San Francisco. Unfortunately, most of the water mains had also broken during the quake and the fire chief was an early victim of falling debris. Without water and without leadership, it seemed nearly impossible to put out the raging fires. The smaller fires eventually combined into larger ones.   South of Market Fire  - Located south of Market Street, the fire was curbed on the east by fireboats that could pump salt water. However, without water in the fire hydrants, the fire quickly spread both north and west.North of Market Fire  - Threatening an important commercial area and Chinatown, firefighters attempted to use dynamite to create firebreaks to stop the fire.  Ham and Eggs Fire  - Started when a survivor tried to make breakfast for her family not realizing that the chimney had been damaged. Sparks then ignited the kitchen, starting a new fire that soon threatened the Mission District and City Hall.Delmonico Fire  - Another cooking fiasco, this time started by soldiers trying to cook dinner in the ruins of the Delmonico Restaurant. The fire quickly grew. With the fires raging out of control, buildings that had survived the earthquake were soon engulfed in flame. Hotels, businesses, mansions, City Hall -- all were consumed. Survivors had to keep moving, away from their broken homes, away from the fires. Many found refuge in city parks, but often those too had to be evacuated as the fires spread. In just four days, the fires died out, leaving a trail of devastation behind. Aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake The quake and subsequent fire left 225,000 people homeless, destroyed 28,000 buildings, and killed approximately 3,000 people. Scientists are still trying to accurately calculate the magnitude of the quake. Since the scientific instruments used to measure the earthquake werent as reliable as more modern ones, scientists have yet to agree on the size of the magnitude. Most, however, place it between 7.7 and 7.9 on the Richter scale (a few have said as high as 8.3). Scientific study of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake led to the formation of the elastic-rebound theory, which helps explain why earthquakes occur. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was also the first large, natural disaster whose damage was recorded by photography.

Should Women Abuse Be A Worldwide Public Health Problem...

First Draft In a society known for its advancements in many aspects, it is hard to comprehend how less than 40 years ago, male to female assaults behind closed doors were invisible and unacknowledged. Even family therapists refused to recognized gendered violence. The highly valued and widely read Journal of Marriage and Family did not speak of relationships where there was violence but only referred to them as only conflicts that may arise within marriage. The authors even addressed this â€Å"conflicts† as a norm, and even healthy when it came to familial relationships (Dekesered, 297). Although today’s society does not cover up the horrors that may occur through male to female assault, it does not do a great job of addressing it or even acknowledging its actual harm to women. In fact, there is plenty of evidence stating that women abuse has become a worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization conducted a multi-country study and found that out of th e over 24,000 women who resided in urban and rural parts of 10 countries that were interviewed, the percentage assaulted physically or sexually by and intimate partner ranged doom 15 to 71% (Dekesered, 298). There are prominent politicians, journalists, activists, and researchers who minimize the alarming extent of woman abuse. Numerous sociologists argue that there is something about broader structural and cultural forces, such as patriarchy, that allows for so many women to be victimized (Dekesered, 297). AllShow MoreRelatedShould Women Abuse Be A Worldwide Public Health Problem? Essay1962 Words   |  8 Pageshorrors that may occur through male to female assault, it does not do a great job of addressing it or even acknowledging its actual harm to women. In fact, there is plenty of evidence stating that women abuse has become a worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization conducted a multi-country study and found that out of the over 24,000 women who resided in urban and rural parts of 10 countries that were interviewed, the percentage assaulted physically or sexually by and intimateRead MoreViolence Against Women s Violence872 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Violence against women unfortunately is a very prevalent and critical issue in our society. It is a worldwide but still hidden problem. Freedom from the threat of harassment, battering, and sexual assault is a concept that most of us have a hard time imagining because violence is such a deep part of our cultures and our lives. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), it is estimated that 84,376 forcible rapes were reported to law enforcement in 2012, estimated at 52Read MoreIntimate Partner Violence1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthan one would think and it is not singularly a United States problem but a global concern. Why and how is IPV a global concern in this modern era? Surely no woman in her right mind would choose to stay in an abusive relationship? Unfortunately, until recently, IPV has been running rampant, being overlooked as an issue just between partners, not a public health concern. Research on domestic violence can enlighten professionals and the public on th e latter questions and on varying degrees of factors andRead MoreThe Social Acceptance Of Alcohol1732 Words   |  7 Pagesalcohol all over the world, whether it be social or cultural, is the leading cause of why alcohol addiction is so prevalent especially in the United States. Alcohol is the second leading cause of death in the US and one of the most abused drugs worldwide. It is the â€Å"third leading preventable cause of death in the United States† with â€Å"nearly 88,000 peaople† dying from it annually (Alcohol Facts and Statistics). There are many facts and statistics that are available throughout the internet and pamphletsRead MoreThe Effects of Violence on Women Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Violence on Women Violence affects the lives of millions of women worldwide, in developing, as well as in developed countries. It cuts across cultural and religious barriers, restricting women from fully participating in society. Violence against women has many forms in which it comes in, from domestic abuse and rape to child marriages and female circumcision. All are violations of the most fundamentalRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Global Phenomenon1653 Words   |  7 Pagesphenomenon; research suggests that up to fifty percent of women worldwide have been physically abused by their intimate partner. Domestic violence can be defined as an incident or threatening behavior regarding violence or abuse between adults who are or have been considered intimate partners (Bradbury-Jones, C., Duncan, F., Kroll, T., Moy, M., Taylor, J. 2011, p 35). Domestic Violence is a serious and prevalent health issue that affects victims worldwide and unfortunately is associated with considerableRead MoreEssay on Sexual Abuse on Women1250 Words   |  5 PagesSexual abuse, also known as sexual assault, is any sort of sexual activity that one doesn’t agree to which includes, inappropriate touching, vaginal, anal, or oral penetration, sexual intercourse that one says no to, rape, attempted rape, as well as child molestation. Sexual abuse is usually verbal or visual. It can also be anything that forces a person to be in unwanted sexual contact. There are many examples of sexual abuse like voyeurism, exhibitionism, incest, and sexual harassment. VoyeurismRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence: What is it and how can you get help?1300 Words   |  6 PagesIntimate Partner Violence: What is it and how can you get help? Abuse is any behavior that is used to control and subdue another person through the use and fear of physical, emotional, and sexual assaults. Intimate partner violence can come in many forms. I will discuss these further as well as treatment options and services that are available for individuals in these abusive relationships. Intimate Partner Violence Intimate partner violence (IPV) or domestic violence, is violence that occursRead MoreCauses Of Domestic Violence1285 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence is a serious problem, which occurs in many countries. In recent years, domestic violence has been recognized as a serious problem globally. The only common thing between these problems are that the vast majority of the victims are women. Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another through emotional, physical, and mental attacks. Domestic violence and child maltreatment are considered not only a worldwide public health problem but also a major violationRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic abuse against women In her news article, the spokesperson for amnesty international describes domestic violence as a worldwide phenomenon that violates the human rights of female victims (Mite, 2005). In addition, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) described violence against women as â€Å"a global epidemic that kills, tortures, and maims – physically, psychologically, sexually and economically. It is one of the most pervasive of human rights violations, denying women and girls

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Essays - 919 Words

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology, though a young field, is a uniquely successful one, flourishing in the twentieth century through intellectual and social expansion (Darity, 2008). From its philosophical roots to its emergence as a scientific discipline, the field of psychology has been concerned with behavior and mental processes. By its very nature, the field is diverse encompassing many subdisciplines and areas. The American Psychological Association recognizes more than 50 different divisions in the field, marked either by area of study or area of practice. Because of its diverse nature, the field has become widely applicable and valuable in many other fields. Psychology has successfully been applied to fields like†¦show more content†¦Social psychologists are interested in one’s perception of his or herself, nonverbal behavior, and group behavior. For example, the horrific acts of WWII and the Holocaust gave rise to this area as researchers became inte rested in such phenomena as conformity, obedience, and groupthink. Another, and perhaps the largest subdiscipline in the broad field of psychology is that of clinical psychology. Clinical psychologists are concerned with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders. Some clinical psychologists sometimes work specifically with severe disorders such as schizophrenia and depression, while others help people cope with personal struggles and issues like death or divorce (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). Personally, I have known people who have benefited greatly from seeing a psychologist. Major life changes seem to test people’s resiliency and I am of the belief that psychologists, being empowered with the knowledge and education to help someone overcome their struggles, is truly one of the most rewarding careers that exist. Moreover, within the realm of clinical psychology, there exist many areas of specialization such as neuropsychology, child psychology , and geropsychology. Psychological testing is a subtopic of clinical psychology. Clinical psychologistsShow MoreRelatedThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology When a person is asked about what psychology means, typically the first definition heard is human behavior and then usually the mind and brain are next. While those definitions are partially true, the field of psychology is essentially an umbrella term used to describe several different subdisciplines of psychology. Some subdisciplines focus on different aspects of a person such as cognition, motivation, behaviors, personality and other subdisciplines focus theRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1157 Words   |  5 Pages The Diversity Nature of Psychology Anna Van Norton PSY/490 June 29, 2015 Dr. Edna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology is a diverse area of study; it is not an easy task. The field of psychology is so diverse and is always changing and evolving. Because of the always expanding of nature, there is not just only one theory that can explain and answer all of the questions that are associated with psychology. Psychology has always been defined by its diversity. It is theRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Diverse Nature of Psychology Name Institution The Diverse Nature of Psychology Introduction Psychology consists of a wide collection of diverse concepts, which influence its precise nature that includes the study of behavior and mind in different organisms. Ideally, these organisms range from the most complex to the most primitive. In essence, diversity involves recognizing the variability of characteristics, which make people unique such as their physical appearance, partnered/maritalRead MoreDiverse Nature of Psychology Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesDiverse Nature of Psychology Jessica Champion PSY / 490 July 2, 2012 University of Phoenix Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology is a diverse area of study. Within this paper it will discuss the influence of diversity and it’s major concepts within psychology. It will also discuss subtopics within psychology, as well as how subtopics are identified, and applied to other disciplines within society. As well as, explain how these subtopics affect my personal theoretical perspective. LastlyRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Sophia Martinez Psychology 490 Capstone Course in Psychology October 5, 2011 Giselle Gourrier, Ph.D. The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Psychology is a discipline that has extensive implications for other areas of science while simultaneously maintaining a narrow concern for the derivation of scientific knowledge about human and non-human behavior (Stanovich, 2010). This paper is concerned with the assessment of two sub-disciplines and sub-topicsRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay examples1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology The American Psychological Association has identified 54 divisions within the field of psychology (Plante, 2011). Each division has stemmed from one of the seven major perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biological, and evolutionary. This diversity within psychology, allows psychologists the ability to expand in all areas of explanation, assessment, and diagnoses, which furthers the science of psychology through many differentRead MoreThe Diver810 Words   |  4 Pagesse Nature of Psychology The Diverse Nature of Psychology Christine Woyner PSY 490 September 19, 2011 Edna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology The diverse nature of psychology begins with making a difference in a diverse setting. This involves the implementation of critical psychology concepts, subdisciplines and subtopics, motivation, behaviorism, and cognition. Moreover, these subdisciplines and subtopics may be applied to other disciplines in contemporary society. In additionRead MoreThe Study of Human Behavior in Given Situations1613 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a social science study that covers diverse subject topics and carries out different forms of research in order to understand the development and function of human beings. It is a scientific study that focuses on peoples mind and its functions especially those affecting behavior in a particular context. Psychology is divided into different branches, and each branch addresses its own form of content in relation to mental processes and behavior. Social psychology is one of the psychologyRead MoreThe Founding Of The First Laboratory By Wilhelm Wundt Essay7 97 Words   |  4 Pagesof the first laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 began the fascination for psychological research. Psychology had not yet became a science until Wundt realized that human activities can be examined through careful observations, manipulations, descriptions, and control aimed at measuring/ predicting behavior. Early on psychology was about the study of behavior and mental processes. Today, psychology ranges from neural messages to cultural influences. Wundt adopted protocols from physiology and physicsRead MoreAdolescent Psychology Essay 31067 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: What Is Psychology? One of the most common questions asked by students new to the study of psychology is What is psychology? Misperceptions created by popular media as well as the diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees have contributed this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychology include mental

Economic Principles to Environmental Policy

Question: Discuss about the Economic Principles to Environmental Policy. Answer: Introduction: This research study would focus on the impact of smoking rates in the Australian economy and the cost of the economy. In the words of Sun Daniels (2014), the negative externality of smoking which is the root cause of the market failure has been critically evaluated, and the effectiveness of the initiative of Australian Governments for diminishing the smoking rates through the process of plain packaging has been assessed in this research study. Moreover, relevant charts, tables, and graphs have been used sources of evidence to represent the analysis in a significant manner. Rates of smoking and cost to the economy From the current study of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), it can be inferred that increase in smoking rates in Australia is considered as a serious threat to the country as mainly young generations are severely affected for that along with the increase in cost of the nation and decrease in social benefit of the economy. According to the social survey report of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, both males and females are identified as daily smokers within the age group of 15 years (Department of Health | Tobacco Control key facts and figures, 2016). However, the report of the survey would deduce that the rate of smoking in both the cases is continuously decreasing from the year 2002 to 2015. Previously, the rate of male smokers was 41% in 2002 which is declined to 38.9% in the year of 2015, and the percentage of female smokers has fallen from 43% to 36% in the year of 2015 (Department of Health | Tobacco Control key facts and figures, 2016). Figure 1: Smoking rate of Australia in different age groups Source: (Health behaviors and other risks to health (AIHW), 2016) Furthermore, the young generations of Australia are very much addicted to the smoking; though the rate of smoking has declined from 39% to 31% in the year 2015 within the age group of 15 to 24 years. In addition, as per the health survey of ABS, approximately 12.7% people within the age group of 45 years smoked on a daily basis; since 52.6% people never smoked in the life (Department of Health | Tobacco Control key facts and figures, 2016). Apart from this, the tendency of smoking is higher in the remote and outer regional of Australia compared to the major cities and inner regional areas. Year/ Gender 2001 2004-05 2007-08 2011-12 Male 27.20% 26.20% 23.00% 20.40% Female 21.20% 20.30% 19.00% 16.30% Table 1: Rate of smoking of male and female in different years Source: (Gender Indicators, Australia, Jan 2013, 2016) Figure 2: Bar diagram of male and female smokers in different years Source: (Gender Indicators, Australia, Jan 2013, 2016) From the above dataset of male and female smokers in Australia in different years, a bar diagram has been provided in this context to get a clear view of rate of smoking in this above-concerned country. In this perspective, due to increase rate of smoking, the cost of the economy rises in a significant manner. The increase in smoking rate would enhance the social cost and health cost of the nation leading to the death rate of the economy which increased from 19429 in the year 1999 to 14901 to the year of 2005 (The costs of smoking - Tobacco In Australia, 2016). Figure 3: Tangible and Intangible cost of the economy Source: (The costs of smoking - Tobacco In Australia, 2016) From the above figure, the associated cost of smoking namely tangible and intangible cost is presented in this context, which is linked with the labor costs, health illness, and abusive consumption, loss of joyful life, psychological coats and cost of fires which is associated with smoking. Negative externality and market failure of the economy According to Ashley, Nardinelli Lavaty (2015), negative externalities would influence the market failures of the economy as it causes health care diseases, lungs cancer and pollution in the economy, which is not desirable. Moreover, in this perspective, the amount of private benefit is higher than the amount of social benefit for which the deadweight loss of economy occurs. The consumption level of the economy is much higher than the socially efficient level of the economy along with the lower level of price (Sun Daniels, 2014). Figure 3: Negative externality of the economy Source: (Pearson Australia, 2016) According to the figure, the demand curve of social benefit refers to the consumption of cigarettes which is lower than the demand curve of private benefit. As the people of this country over consumed the cigarettes, the market equilibrium of the economy is higher than the socially efficient level of equilibrium (Sassi, Merkur McDaid, 2015). As a result, deadweight loss occurs in the nation, which is a serious threat to the economy. Policy of plain packaging system In this context, the Australian government would take an initiative of plain packaging for reducing the increased level of smoking rate. The policy would concentrate on the facts of expanding and updating of the health warnings and regulate the restriction on the advertisement of tobacco consumption which is beneficial to diminish the habit of tobacco consumption (Department of Health | Introduction of Tobacco Plain Packaging in Australia, 2016). Furthermore, the Australian government imposed a tax on smoking and increased the excise duty approximately 25% in the year of 2010. In addition, the people who are engaged to smuggling offenses are punished by the government of the country. To regulate the act successfully, the Australian government would impose an act of Tobacco Plain Packaging in the year 2011 and Tobacco Plain Packaging Regulations in the year 2011 for diminishing the consumption of tobacco. To effective the policy regarding the plain packaging system, the Australian government would levy an excise duty according to the weight of the production of tobacco and cigarette and rose the real excise duty of the tobacco products through the index of Consumer Price from the year of 1993 to the year 1995 (The costs of smoking - Tobacco In Australia, 2016). By increasing the prices of tobacco through the procedure of taxation, the governments of this country would be able to reduce the health issues, death, and diseases which are mainly caused by the bad impact of smoking. In the words of Sassi, Merkur McDaid (2015), due to increasing in the price of tobacco products would influence to fall the consumption rate of this product which is a very effective proced ure for the plain packaging system. On the contrary, as commented by Soon, Jean Tan (2015), this policy would be ineffective to reduce the consumption of tobacco and cigarettes as the human nature always addicted to smoking. Figure 4: Phase of plain packaging system of different age groups Source: (Department of Health | Evaluation of Tobacco Plain Packaging in Australia, 2016) The above figure depicts the fact that the plain packaging system is effective for reducing the consumption of smoking in different age groups. The young generations would positively respond compare to the other age groups of the people in this context. Though the policy has faced some barrier through the factors of elasticity, rent seeking, industry opposition, unexpected consequences and asymmetric information by which the effectiveness of this policy cannot be achieved fully (Ashley, Nardinelli Lavaty, 2015). In the words of Soon, Jean Tan (2015), the rise in the price of the cigarettes would not have any direct impact on the amount of consumption as the nature of the product is inelastic. Moreover, most of the smokers are not aware of the government policies which are beneficial to their health and do not bother about the imposition of tax and excise duty on the price of cigarettes. Conclusion: By referring to the above analysis, it can be inferred that the Australian government would concentrate on reducing the tendency of smoking in different age groups of the people by the plain packaging system. But, the policy has faced some problems relating to the asymmetric information and elasticity of products. Reference list: The costs of smoking - Tobacco In Australia. (2016).Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 30 August 2016, from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-17-economics/17-2-the-costs-of-smoking Gender Indicators, Australia, Jan 2013. (2016).Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4125.0main+features3320Jan%202013 Ashley, E. M., Nardinelli, C., Lavaty, R. A. (2015). Estimating the benefits of public health policies that reduce harmful consumption.Health economics,24(5), 617-624. Department of Health | Evaluation of Tobacco Plain Packaging in Australia. (2016).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco-plain-packaging-evaluation#a Department of Health | Introduction of Tobacco Plain Packaging in Australia. (2016).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco-plain Department of Health | Tobacco Control key facts and figures. (2016).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco-kff Health behaviours and other risks to health (AIHW). (2016).Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/health-behaviours/ Sassi, F., Merkur, S., McDaid, D. (2015). Introduction to the economics of health promotion and disease prevention.Promoting Health, Preventing Disease The Economic Case: The Economic Case, 3. Soon, T. Y., Jean, L. T., Tan, K. (2015). Applying Economic Principles to Environmental Policy.50 Years of Environment: Singapore's Journey Towards Environmental Sustainability, 45. Sun, L. G., Daniels, B. (2014). Mirrored Externalities.notre dame law review,90(1), 135.